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ASTRACT: The pre-engineered steel building system construction has great advantages to the single storey buildings, practical and efficient alternative to conventional buildings, the System representing one central model within multiple disciplines. Pre-engineered building creates and maintains in real time multidimensional, data rich views through a project support is currently being implemented by Staad pro software packages for design and engineering.

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Syed Firoz, Sarath Chandra Kumar B, S.Kanakambara Rao / International Journal of Engineering

Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com

Vol. 2, Issue 2,Mar-Apr 2012, pp.267-272

267 | P a g e

DESIGN CONCEPT OF PRE ENGINEERED BUILDING

Syed Firoz1, Sarath Chandra Kumar B1 , S.Kanakambara Rao2

1(students, Department of Civil engineering, K L University, Vaddeswaram, A.P.-522502, India)

2(Assoc Professor, Department of Civil engineering, K L University, Vaddeswaram, A.P.-522502, India)

ASTRACT:

The pre-engineered steel building system

construction has great advantages to the single

storey buildings, practical and efficient alternative to

conventional buildings, the System representing one

central model within multiple disciplines. Pre-

engineered building creates and maintains in real

time multidimensional, data rich views through a

project support is currently being implemented by

Staad pro software packages for design and

engineering.

Keywords: pre-engineered building, STAAD pro.

1. INTRODUCTION

A tall steel building is not more in the total number of

tall steel structures that are built around the world. A

large steel structures being built are only single storey

buildings for industrial purpose. Secondary structural

members span the distance between the primary

building frames of metal building systems. They play a

complex role that extends beyond supporting roof and

wall covering and carrying exterior loads to main

frames. Secondary structurals, as these members are

sometimes called, may serve as flange bracing for

primary framing and may function as a part of the

building's lateral load–resisting system. Roof secondary

members, known as purlins, often form an essential part

of horizontal roof diaphragms; wall secondary

members, known as girts, are frequently found in wall

bracing assemblies. The majority of steel structures

being built are only low-rise buildings, which are

generally of one storey only. Industrial buildings, a sub-

set of low-rise buildings are normally used for steel

plants, automobile industries, light, utility and process

industries, thermal power stations, warehouses,

assembly plants, storage, garages, small scale industries,

etc. These buildings require large column free areas.

Hence interior columns, walls and partitions are often

eliminated or kept to a minimum. Most of these

buildings may require adequate headroom for use of an

overhead traveling crane. A third type of secondary

framing, known by the names of eave strut, eave purlin,

or eave girt, acts as part purlin and part girt—its top

flange supports roof panels, its web, wall siding. Girts,

purlins, and eave struts exhibit similar structural

behaviour. Since most secondary members normally

encountered in metal building systems are made of cold-

formed steel, our discussion starts with some relevant

issues in design of cold-formed steel structures.

Pre-Engineered Buildings

The scientific-sounding term pre-engineered buildings

came into being in the 1960s. The buildings were ―pre-

engineered‖ because, like their ancestors, they relied

upon standard engineering designs for a limited number

of off-the-shelf configurations. Several factors made

this period significant for the history of metal buildings.

First, the improving technology was constantly

expanding the maximum clear-span capabilities of metal

buildings. The first rigid-frame buildings introduced in

the late 1940s could span only 40 ft. In a few years, 50-,

60-, and 70-ft buildings became possible. By the late

1950s, rigid frames with 100-ft spans were made, ribbed

metal panels became available, allowing the buildings to

look different from the old tired corrugated appearance.

Third, collared panels were introduced by Strand-Steel

Corp. in the early 1960s, permitting some design

individuality. At about the same time, continuous span

cold-formed Z purlins were invented (also by Strand-

Steel), the first factory-insulated panels were developed

by Butler, and the first UL-approved metal roof

appeared on the market.1st And last, but not least, the

first computer-designed metal buildings also made their

debut in the early 1960s. With the advent of

computerization, the design possibilities became almost

limitless. All these factors combined to produce a new

metal-building boom in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

As long as the purchaser could be restricted to standard

designs, the buildings could be properly called pre-

engineered. Once the industry started to offer custom-

designed metal buildings to fill the particular needs of

each client, the name pre-engineered building became

somewhat of a misnomer. In addition, this term was

uncomfortably close to, and easily confused with, the

unsophisticated prefabricated buildings, with which the

new industry did not want to be associated. Despite the

fact that the term pre-engineered buildings is still widely

used, and will be often found even in this book, the

industry now prefers to call its product metal building

systems.

Syed Firoz, Sarath Chandra Kumar B, S.Kanakambara Rao / International Journal of Engineering

Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com

Vol. 2, Issue 2,Mar-Apr 2012, pp.267-272

268 | P a g e

2. PRE-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS BY

STAAD Pro

The power tool for Computerized Structural engineering

STAAD.Pro is the most popular structural engineering

software product for 3D model generation, analysis and

multi-material design. It has an intuitive, user-friendly,

visualization tools, powerful analysis and design

facilities and seamless integration to several other

modeling and design software products. The software is

fully compatible with all Windows operating systems.

For static or dynamic analysis of Pre Engineered

Buildings, STAAD.Pro has been the choice of design

professionals around the world for their specific

analysis needs.

Research Engineers International introduces the next

generation of REI's flagship product, Staad pro, the

most popular structural engineering software product for

3D model generation, analysis and multi-material

design. It has an intuitive, user-friendly, visualization

tools, powerful analysis and design facilities and

seamless integration to several Pre-Engineered

Buildings modelling and design.

Staad pro is one of the best software for Pre-Engineered

Buildings for Structural Analysis and Design Software

Supporting Indian and major International codes.

Mainly used by Civil, Structural Engineers and other

Engineers. The choice of Structural Engineers

worldwide, Staad pro is guaranteed to meet all the

structural engineering needs. Staad pro features state of

the art user interface, visualisation tools, powerful

analysis and design engineers with advanced finite

element and dynamic analysis capabilities. From model

generation, analysis and design to visualisation and

result verification Staad pro is the professional first

choice.

Staad pro was developed by practicing engineers around

the globe. It has evolved over 20 years and meets the

requirements of ISO 9001 certification and has building

codes for most of the countries, the general purpose

software for integrated structural analysis and design.

Shape of Pre-Engineered Buildings as shown in (Fig; 1

& Fig; 2) calculates geometric section properties, like

area, moment of inertia, etc. It handles multiple

materials and composite sections. Shape of Pre-

Engineered Buildings also performs advanced stress

analysis, cracked analysis, and calculates the strength of

Steel sections. Shape Builder is a powerful utility for

anyone who needs to calculate geometric or structural

properties of plane areas. The primary purpose of Shape

Builder is to help engineers determine properties of

custom or combined sections for structural design.

Fig; 1. Bending Moment Diagram from STAAD. Pro

In conventional steel buildings, mill-produced hot rolled

sections (beams and columns) are used. The site of each

member is selected on the basis of the maximum

internal stress in the member. The hot rolled section has

a constant depth, many parts of the member

(represented by the hatched area), in areas of low

internal stresses, and are in excess of design

requirements. Frames of pre-engineered buildings are

made from an extensive inventory of standard steel

plates stocked to the Pre Engineered Building. Pre

Engineered Building frames are normally tapered and

often have flanges and webs of variable thickness along

the individual members.

The frame geometry matches the shape of the internal

stress (bending moment) diagram thus optimizing

material usage and reducing the total weight of the

structure.

3. STAAD.Pro Procedure for Pre-Engineered

Buildings Overview:

 "Concurrent Engineering" based user

environment for model development, analysis,

design, visualization and verification.

 Object-oriented intuitive 2D/3D graphic model

generation.

 Pull down menus, floating toolbars, and tool

tip help.

 Flexible Zoom and multiple views.

 Isometric and perspective views 3D shapes.

 Built-in Command File Editor.

 Simple Command Language.

 Graphics/Text input generation.

 State-of -the-art Graphical Pre and Post

Processor.

 Joint, Member/Element, Mesh Generation with

flexible user-controlled numbering.

 FPS, Metric or SI units.

Syed Firoz, Sarath Chandra Kumar B, S.Kanakambara Rao / International Journal of Engineering

Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com

Vol. 2, Issue 2,Mar-Apr 2012, pp.267-272

269 | P a g e

 Presentation quality printer plots of Geometry

and Results as part of run output.

 Compatible with Win95/98/NT

GRAPHICS ENVIRONMENT:

Model Generation

 Interactive Menu-driven Model Generation

with simultaneous 3D display.

 2D and 3D Graphic Generation using

rectangular or polar coordinate systems.

 Segments of repetitive geometry may be used

to generate complex structural models.

 Generate, Copy, Repeat, Mirror, Pivot, etc. or

quick and easy geometry generation.

 Quick/easy mesh generation.

 Comprehensive graphics editing.

 Graphical Specification and Display of

Properties, Loadings, Supports, Orientations.

 Import AutoCAD DXF files.

 Access to Text Editor.

Model Verification

 2D/3D drawings on screen as well as on

plotter/printer.

 Full 3D shapes for Frames, Elements.

 Sectional views or views with listed members

only.

 Isometric or any rotations for full 3D viewing.

 Display of Properties, Loadings, Supports,

Orientations, Joint/Member numbering,

Dimensions, Hidden line removed, etc.

 Plot manipulation according to the size,

rotation, viewing origin and distance.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

STAAD.Pro may be utilized for analyzing and

designing practically for the Pre-Engineered Buildings .

implements the Bending Moment, Axial Forces, Shear

Forces, Torsion, Beam Stresses.

Static Analysis

 2D/3D Analysis based on state-of-the-art

Matrix method to handle extremely large job.

 Rafter, Column, Tapered Sections, Rigid

Frames, Purlins, Eave Hight.

 Full/Partial Moment Releases.

 Member Offset Specification.

 Fixed, Pinned and Spring Supports with

Releases. Also inclined Supports.

 Automatic Spring Support Generator.

 Linear, P-Delta Analysis, Non-Linear Analysis

with automatic load and stiffness correction.

Multiple Analyses within same run.

 Active/Inactive Members for Load-Dependent

structures.

 Tension-only members and compression-only

members, Multi-linear spring supports.

 CIMSTEEL Interface.

Dynamic / Seismic Analysis

 Mass modeling, Extraction of Frequency and

Mode shapes.

 Response Spectrum, Time History Analysis.

 Modal Damping Ratio for Individual Models.

 Harmonic Load Generator.

 Combination of Dynamic forces with Static

loading for subsequent design.

Secondary Analysis

 Forces and Displacements at sections between

nodes.

 Maximum and Minimum force Envelopes.

 Load Types and Load Generation:

 Loading for Joints, Members/Elements

including Concentrated, Uniform, Linear,

Trapezoidal, Temperature, Strain, Support

Displacement, Prestressed and Fixed-end

Loads.

 Global, Local and Projected Loading

Directions.

 Uniform or varying Element Pressure Loading

on entire or selected portion of elements.

 Floor/Area Load converts load-per-area to

member loads based on one-way or two-way

actions.

 Automatic Moving Load Generation as per

standard AASHTO or user-defined loading.

 UBC 1997.AIJ/IS 1893/Cypriot Seismic Load

Generation.

 Automatic Wind Load Generation.

Syed Firoz, Sarath Chandra Kumar B, S.Kanakambara Rao / International Journal of Engineering

Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com

Vol. 2, Issue 2,Mar-Apr 2012, pp.267-272

270 | P a g e

Fig; 2. Detailing for Haunch

Planning of the PEB buildings (low rise metal buildings

and arranging different building components is a very

important step for the designer before proceeding with

the design of each component.

The Following building configurations are

significantly affecting the building Stability and Cost:-

1. Main Frame configuration (orientation, type,

roof slope , eave height)

2. Roof purlins spacing

3. wall girts (connection & spacing)

4. End wall system

5. Expansion joints

6. Bay spacing

7. Bracing systems arrangement

8. Mezzanine floor beams/columns (orientation &

spacing)

9. Crane systems

Some of the above configurations are generally

optimised of Pre Engineered Building are outlined.

Columns, Rafters, Frames, (Hot Rolled/Built up

Sections) Secondary Members – Bracings, Purlins,

Girts, (Cold Formed Sections) Roof & Wall Cladding –

Roofing, Cladding, Sand witched Panels, Flashings

(Ridge, Gutter etc,.

Main Frame Configuration

The various types of Main frame for the basic

supporting component in the PEB systems; main frames

provide the vertical support for the whole building plus

providing the lateral stability for the building in its

direction while lateral stability in the other direction is

usually achieved by a bracing system. The width of the

building is defined as the out-to-out dimensions of

girts/eave struts and these extents define the side wall

steel lines. Eave height is the height measured from

bottom of the column base plate to top of the eave strut.

Rigid frame members are tapered using built-up

sections following the shape of the bending moment

diagram. Columns with fixed base are straight. Also the

interior columns are always maintained straight.

Main frame orientation

Building should be oriented in such a way that the

length is greater than the width. This will result in more

number of lighter frames rather than less number of

heavy frames, this also will reduce the wind bracing

forces results in lighter bracing systems.

Main frame types

There are Several types of main frames used in PEB

buildings, The choice of the type of main frame to be

used is dependent on :-

1. Total width of the building.

2. The permitted spacing between columns in the

transversal direction according to customer

requirements and the function of the building.

3. The existence of sub structure (RC or masonry)

4. The architectural requirements of the customer

specially the shape of the gable.

5. The type of rain drainage (internal drainage

availability).

6. Any customer special requirements.

Building type Primary framing system

 depth built-up ―I‖ section, with the large depths

in areas of higher stress according to the

Bending Moment Diagram;

 Secondary structural members (roof purlins,

eave struts and wall girts) which are light

weight cold-formed ―Z‖ and ―C‖ shaped

members or open web steel joists;

 Roll formed profiled sheeting (roof and wall

panels).

Syed Firoz, Sarath Chandra Kumar B, S.Kanakambara Rao / International Journal of Engineering

Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com

Vol. 2, Issue 2,Mar-Apr 2012, pp.267-272

271 | P a g e

Fig: 3. Pre Engineered Building types

The entire primary framing members and secondary

structural members are pre-sheared, pre-punched, pre-

drilled, pre-welded and pre-formed in the factories

before shipping to site for erection are shown in Fig: 3.

Quality of building part is assured as buildings are

manufactured completely in the factory under controlled

conditions. At the job site, the pre-fabricated

components are then fixed and jointed with bolt

connections. Saving of material on low stress area of the

primary framing members makes Pre-engineered

Buildings more economical than conventional steel

buildings especially for low rise buildings spanning up

to 60.0 meters with eave heights up to 30.0 meters.

Furthermore, Pre-engineered Building system focuses

on using pre-designed connections and pre-determined

material stock to design and fabricate the building

structures, thus significantly reduces the time for design,

fabrication and installation.

Pre-engineered Buildings can be fitted with different

structural accessories including mezzanine floors, crane

runway beams, roof platform, catwalk and aesthetic

features such as canopies, fascia's, interior partitions

etc. The buildings are made water proof by use of

standing seam roof system, roof drainage components

and trims. This is a very versatile building system and

can be furnished internally to serve any functions, and

accessorized externally to achieve unique and

aesthetically pleasing architecture designs, making it

ideal for application such as factories, warehouses,

workshops, showrooms, supermarket etc.

4. The Advantages of Pre-engineered steel

structures

Most metal buildings are purchased by the private

sector, which seems to appreciate the advantages of

proprietary pre-engineered buildings more readily than

the public entities.

Ability to span long distances. There are not many other

types of gabled structures than can span 100 ft or more

in a cost-effective manner. The competition consists

mainly of trusses, which require substantial design and

fabricating time. (Special tensioned fabrics could also

span the distance, but are in a class by themselves.)

Faster occupancy. Anyone who has ever tried to

assemble a piece of furniture can remember the

frustration and the amount of time it took to

comprehend the various components and the

methodology of assembly. The second time around, the

process goes much faster. A similar situation occurs at a

construction site when a stick-built structure is being

erected. The first time it takes a little longer…, but there

is no second time to take advantage of the learning

curve. With standard pre-engineered components,

however, an experienced erector is always on familiar

ground and is very efficient.

Cost efficiency. In a true systems approach, well-fitting

pre-engineered components are assembled by one or

only a few construction trades; faster erection means

less-expensive field labour. In addition, each structural

member is designed for near-total efficiency,

minimizing waste of material. Less labour and less

material translate into lower cost. The estimates of this

cost efficiency vary, but it is commonly assumed that

pre-engineered buildings are 10 to 20 percent less

expensive than conventional ones. However, as is

demonstrated in Chap. 3, some carefully designed stick-

built structures can successfully compete with metal

building systems.

Flexibility of expansion. Metal buildings are relatively

easy to expand by lengthening, which involves

disassembling bolted connections in the end wall,

removing the wall, and installing an additional clear-

spanning frame in its place. The removed end wall

framing can often be reused in the new location.

Matching roof and wall panels are then added to

complete the expanded building envelope.

Low maintenance. A typical metal building system,

with prefinished metal panels and standing seam roof, is

easy to maintain: metal surfaces are easy to clean, and

the modern metal finishes offer a superb resistance

against corrosion, fading, and discoloration

Single-source responsibility. The fact that a single party

is responsible for the entire building envelope is among

the main benefits of metal building systems. At least in

theory, everything is compatible and thought through.

The building owner or the construction manager does

not have to keep track of many different suppliers or

worry about one of them failing in the middle of

Syed Firoz, Sarath Chandra Kumar B, S.Kanakambara Rao / International Journal of Engineering

Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com

Vol. 2, Issue 2,Mar-Apr 2012, pp.267-272

272 | P a g e

construction. Busy small building owners especially

appreciate the convenience of dealing with one entity if

anything goes wrong during the occupancy. This

convenience is a major selling point of the systems.

5. Typical Pre-engineered steel structures

The Pre-engineered steel structures shown in Fig: 4 are

design for resistant to moisture, adverse weather

conditions, earthquakes, termites and fire that provide

you with lifelong durability, safety and very low cost-

maintenance. Pre-engineered steel building is very

simple and economical with the necessary Architectural,

Engineering and Construction with pre-engineered steel

buildings. Assuming that a metal building system is

selected for the project at hand, the next milestone is

choosing among the available types of pre-engineered

primary framing. Proper selection of primary framing,

the backbone of metal buildings, goes a long way

toward a successful implementation of the design steps

to follow. Some of the factors that influence the choice

of main framing include:

Fig: 4. Pre-Engineered Building

● Dimensions of the building: width, length, and height

● Roof slope

● Required column-free clear spans

● Occupancy of the building and acceptability of

exposed steel columns

● Proposed roof and wall materials

The inherent quality of the PEB themselves is a huge

contributory factor for this favourable response.

 Reduced construction time.

 Flexibility of Expansion.

 Large Clear Spans

 Low maintenance

 Energy Efficient Roofing and Wall systems

 Architectural Versatility

 Single source Responsibility

6. CONCLUSION

Choosing steel to design a Pre-engineered steel

structures building is to choose a material which offers

low cost, strength, durability, design flexibility,

adaptability and recyclability. Steel is the basic material

that is used in the Materials that are used for Pre-

engineered steel building. It negates from regional

sources. It also means choosing reliable industrial

products which come in a huge range of shapes and

colours; it means rapid site installation and less energy

consumption. It means choosing to commit to the

principles of sustainability. Infinitely recyclable, steel is

the material that reflects the imperatives of sustainable

development.

REFERENCES

[1] Ley, J. An environmental and material flow

analysis of the UK steel construction sector,Doctor

of Engineering thesis, University of Wales, 2003.

[2] Hicks, S. J., Lawson, R. M., Rackham, J. W. And

Fordham, P. Comparative structure cost of modern

commercial buildings (second edition), The Steel

Construction Institute, 2004.

[3] Building Information Modeling.

http://www.laiserin.com

[4] Metal Builders Manufacturing Association

http://www.mbma.com/

[5] Introduction to Pre Engineered Buildings,

Gursharan Singh, 2008.

http://www.engineeringcivil.com/pre-engineered-

buildings.html

[6] Automated Rule-Based Building Design and

Engineering at Robertson Ceco Corporation,

Lachmi Khemlani, 2005

http://www/aecbytes.com/buildingthefuture/2005/R

CCstudy.html

[7] Practical Mathematical Optimization: An

Introduction to Basic Optimization Theory and

Classical and New Gradient-Based Algorithms. Jan

A. Snyman (2005), Springer Publishing. ISBN 0-

387- 24348- 8.

[8] Impact of three-dimensional parametric modeling

of buildings on productivity in structural engi-

neering practice, Rafael Sacks, Ronen Barak

(Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion-

Israel Institute of Technology, Israel, August 2007,

Elsevier (Science Direct).

[9] White paper on PT Structural Modeler / SCIA

software for Structural Building Information Mod-

eling (S-BIM), Dr. Jean-Pierre Rammant, CEO of

SCIA International - June 2004. http://www.scia-

online.com

[10] International Alliance for Interoperability.

http://www.buildingsmart.com/

... d) Web-tapered members are most effective for long-span applications, where only trusses are regarded as economically viable alternatives. However, trusses require more effort during design, fabrication and erection (Firoz et al., 2012). e) Unlike hot-rolled sections, a large variety of dimensions can be produced by welding together plates cut from either standard sheets, flat bars, or coiled sheets (Ziemian, 2010). ...

... This signalled a true departure from catalogue designs. The industry adopted and marketed these buildings under the name metal building systems, which is still the most used terminology today, although other synonymous terms such as pre-engineered metal buildings or engineered metal buildings are sometimes used (Firoz et al., 2012). Kim and White (2006a), Kim and White (2006b), White andKim (2006), White (2006), Guney and White (2007), Kim and White (2007a), Kim andWhite (2007b), Ozgur et al. (2007), White and Chang (2007), and Kim (2010) into the behaviour of web-tapered members and the stability effects in rigid frames. ...

... The frame weights displayed a divergence between the two construction methods at longer spans lengths. This growing difference in material saving is indicative of the findings by Firoz et al. (2012), who agreed that web-tapered construction is most economical in longer span applications. The difference was found to be insignificant at spans smaller than 30 m, but becomes pronounced during the investigation of longer spans, as seen in Table 6.4 and Figure 6.3. ...

• Herman Aucamp

Web-tapered members are widely advocated as a cost-effective alternative to conventional structural sections for portal frames. These non-prismatic members improve the distribution of internal stresses throughout a frame, which leads to substantial weight savings and increases the clear spans achievable. Web-tapered portal frames constitute a well-established practice in many countries. However, this construction technique is rarely seen in South Africa, despite its potential. Some software developers have developed automated design packages for structures with web-tapered members that produce cost-effective buildings and expedite the design process. However, the principles that govern the design of web-tapered members are unclear as none of the major international steel design specifications have adequate provisions for non-prismatic steel members. Design Guide 25 for the design of portal frames using web-tapered members was published by the Metal Building Manufacturers Association and the American Institute of Steel Construction. This guide utilises the concept of an equivalent prismatic member to allow the design to be done using AISC 360. In this study, a new approach is developed for the design of web-tapered members, based on SANS 10162-1 but utilising the equivalent prismatic member concept from Design Guide 25. This new approach was validated against the results of full non-linear analyses, with imperfections taken into account, in the finite element software Abaqus and found to yield safe results. The proposed design approach was subsequently incorporated into a structural optimisation procedure specifically developed to obtain the lightest possible structure for multiple load combinations. The optimisation procedure uses a genetic algorithm in search of an optimum solution when using doubly symmetric, welded sections that are either prismatic or web-tapered. The results show a weight reduction of up to 17% for span lengths of 50 m when comparing web-tapered portal frames with prismatic ones. These results were also compared to designs produced by a commercial software package for web-tapered frames that reduced frame weights by 38% from what can be achieved with prismatic sections.

... In recent years, an increasing number of PEBs are being built mostly for industrial purpose due to the benefits that can be obtained from the cost efficiency and structural simplicity during the construction [1,2]. However, collapse vulnerability in a fire situation that arises from the structural simplicity of these structures has been a life-threatening factor to firefighters in an extinguishing action. ...

A variety of sensor systems have been developed to monitor the structural health status of buildings and infrastructures. However, most sensor systems for structural health monitoring (SHM) are difficult to use in extreme conditions, such as a fire situation, because of their vulnerability to high temperature and physical shocks, as well as time-consuming installation process. Here, we present a smart ball sensor (SBS) that can be immediately installed on surfaces of structures, stably measure vital SHM data in real time and wirelessly transmit the data in a high-temperature fire situation. The smart ball sensor mainly consists of sensor and data transmission module, heat insulator and adhesive module. With the integrated device configuration, the SBS can be strongly attached to the target surface with maximum adhesion force of 233.7-N and stably detect acceleration and temperature of the structure without damaging the key modules of the systems even at high temperatures of up to 500 °C while ensuring wireless transmission of the data. Field tests for a model pre-engineered building (PEB) structure demonstrate the validity of the smart ball sensor as an instantly deployable, high-temperature SHM system. This SBS can be used for SHM of a wider variety of structures and buildings beyond PEB structures.

... Pre-engineered buildings and conventional steel frame structures are designed for forces like wind & seismic wind analysis that have been done manually as per IS 875 part III À 1987 and seismic analysis has been carried out as per IS 1893-2002. For the comparison building frame of width 20 m, height 5 m, and slope of 1 in 10 is considered [15,16]. In PEB tapered sections are used with initial dimensions which were then changed as per the design criteria. ...

Pre-engineered building concept involves pre-designed and prefabricated steel building systems. The current construction approach calls for the best architectural look, high quality & quick construction, cost-effective & creative touch. One has to think of alternative building systems such as pre-engineered steel buildings. The implementation of the Pre Engineered Building (PEB) is a modern-day concept in which utilizing the steel structure and optimizing the design by ensuring economical integrity. The main objective of this paper is to understand the concepts of PEB and to minimize the usage of cost and time. While compared to other technologies in construction Pre Engineered Building is more sustainable and stands top position when compared with other technologies. If we go for standard steel structure the time frame will be longer and the price will be higher in comparison with PEB. The materials which are used in this concept are reusable, recyclable and eco-friendly.

... Despite the fact, steel buildings are not known for high rise structures but instead majority of steel structures are low rise with single storey mainly used for industrial purposes. Pre-engineered building (PEB) is a modern concept of utilizing steel structures and optimizing the design by ensuring the economical integrity of the structure [1]. Oman is a well-developed country and its economy mainly depended on exporting petroleum products, but as the country is facing economic crisis due to depletion of crude oil reserve, the country tends to divert its economical vision toward boosting the business sector. ...

Majority of steel structures are used for low-rise single storey buildings mainly for industrial purpose. Steel structures are preferred for industrial buildings due to its higher strength to weight ratio as compare to RCC structures and steel structures also gives more free internal space by allowing long clear span between columns. Pre-engineered building (PEB) is a modern age concept of utilizing structural steel and optimizing the design by ensuring the economical integrity of the structure. The structural members are designed and fabricated in the factory under controlled environment to produce optimum sections by varying the thickness of the sections along the length of the member as per the bending moment requirement. The aim of the research paper is to analyses and design a PEB car showroom of two storey (G+1) using STAAD Pro in accordance to British standards (BS 5950-1:2000) and Euro codes (EC3 EN-1993-1) with wind and seismic analysis. In order to achieve the above aim of the project, two models of the car showroom were created namely British Standard (BS) model and Euro code (EC) model using STAAD Pro. The member property for BS model is assigned with tapered frame sections while the EC model is assigned with universal standard section frames. The load cases were assigned to the models for analysis include dead load, live load, wind load and seismic load. Wind load and seismic load being the critical dynamic loads that will be analyzed for the stability of the structure against lateral forces. The results from the analysis and design of the two models were within the allowable limits for ultimate and serviceability limit state since the internal stresses in all the members satisfies the unity check ratio requirements for both design codes. The dynamic analysis results suggest that EC model has higher resistance to seismic loading as compare to BS model since the maximum displacement with time in X-direction for EC model is 8.83 mm and for BS model is 10.5 mm. The total weight of the structure for BS model is 1125.431 kN and for EC model is 1214.315 kN, which makes EC model 7.9% heavier than BS model. Moreover, the total weight of all the portal frames for BS model is 457.26 kN and for EC model is 574.725 kN, which makes tapered frame sections to utilize and reduce the amount of steel by 25.7%. Therefore, BS model proved to be an economical model when compared to Euro code.

... In addition, they presented a cooperative study of PEB and CSB [24]. Firoz et al. just elaborated on the design procedures for PEB steel buildings [25]. ...

• Muhammad Umair Saleem
• Hisham Jahangir Qureshi

Sustainable construction of ecofriendly infrastructure has been the priority of worldwide researchers. The induction of modern technology in the steel manufacturing industry has enabled designers to get the desired control over the steel section shapes and profiles resulting in efficient use of construction material and manufacturing energy required to produce these materials. The current research study is focused on the optimization of steel building costs with the use of pre-engineered building construction technology. Construction of conventional steel buildings (CSB) incorporates the use of hot rolled sections, which have uniform cross-section throughout the length. However, pre-engineered steel buildings (PEB) utilize steel sections, which are tailored and profiled based on the required loading effects. In this research study, the performance of PEB steel frames in terms of optimum use of steel sections and its comparison with the conventional steel building is presented in detail. A series of PEB and CSB steel frames is selected and subjected to various loading conditions. Frames were analyzed using Finite Element Based analysis tool and design was performed using American Institute of Steel Construction design specifications. Comparison of the frames has been established in terms of frame weights, lateral displacements (sway) and vertical displacements (deflection) of the frames. The results have clearly indicated that PEB steel frames are not only the most economical solution due to lesser weight of construction but also have shown better performance compared to CSB frames.

... Pro is the most popular structural engineering software product for 3D model generation, analysis and multi-material design. It has an intuitive, user-friendly, visualization tools, powerful analysis and design facilities and seamless integration to several other modeling and design software products [7]. The seismic design of steel frame is carried out by the STAAD-PRO. ...

... For static or dynamic analysis of Pre-engineered building, STAAD Pro has been the choice of design professionals around the world for their specific analysis needs. [2] 2.2 Structural Analysis and Design STAAD Pro software can be used for analyzing and designing of the pre-engineered buildings. It gives the Bending Moment, Axial Forces, Shear Forces, Torsion, Beam Stresses of a steel structure so that the design can be done using tapered sections and check for the safety. ...

• Aijaz Ahmad Zende

Long Span, Column free structures are the most essential in any type of industrial structures and Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB) fulfill this requirement along with reduced time and cost as compared to conventional structures. The present work involves the comparative study of static and dynamic analysis and design of Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB) and Conventional steel frames. Design of the structure is being done in Staad Pro software and the same is then compared with conventional type, in terms of weight which in turn reduces the cost. Three examples have been taken for the study. Comparison of Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB) and Conventional steel frames is done in two examples and in the third example, longer span Pre Engineered Building structure is taken for the study. In the present work, Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB) and Conventional steel frames structure is designed for dynamic forces, which includes wind forces and seismic forces. Wind analysis has been done manually as per IS 875 (Part III) - 1987 and seismic analysis has been carried out as per IS 1893 (2002).

• Bishbu Jacob
• M Althaf

The pre-engineered buildings are the steel buildings which are predesigned and prefabricated. For pre-engineered structure the member size is provided as per the requirement at the location and hence the members are tapered in nature. The study is on the design of the pre-engineered structure and its comparison with conventional structure. The objective of the study is to analyze and design a structure as a conventional steel structure and Pre-engineered structure and to compare the design of the structure in terms of structure weight. The use of cold-formed steel sections as secondary members reduces the self-weight of the pre-engineered structure. It was expected that the pre-engineered buildings will be more economical than conventional structure.

• C. Kavitha
• S. Suryaprakash
• N. Lavanya
• S. Durgadevi

Pre-engineered building (PEB) has greater advantages in long-span structures. In this paper, pre-engineered industrial building of 30 mspan and 10 m eave height with slope of 10° has analyzed and designed using staad pro to understand the behavior of structure and to achieve the economy in steel design by reducing the material quantity as well as number of purlins and saving in erection time and construction time. Designs are done as per IS 800-2007 codes. Load is considered in modeling which are dead load, live load, wind load, and earthquake loads. Results are observed for base reaction, column moment, rafter moment, and displacement. From the parametric study, the PEB is fabricated in a factory and then it is erected at site as per the requirement.

• Vishalkumar Bhaskarbhai Patel

The Pre-Engineered Building is having many advantages over Conventional Steel Building. Many authors have studied about benefits of PEB over CSB but there is lack of study about PEB itself. It is fact that there are variations in use of steel quantity with using different type of PEBs like regular, mono slope and curved frame PEB. For this, the analysis has carried out by taking the optimized section for loads and load combinations calculated by excel sheet, considering DL, LL and WL with the Combination according to IS 800: 2007. The analysis has done through the software ANSYS which is based on FEM. Stresses have found for design load and the stress ratio of the support frame has found with quantity of steel and compared with each other for deriving economic type of PEB. One typical frame has also take for deriving which stress is predominant for failure. I. PEB The sections can be varying throughout the length according to the bending moment diagram. This leads to the utilization of non-prismatic rigid frames with slender elements. Tapered I sections made with built-up thin plates are used to achieve this configuration. Standard hot-rolled sections, cold-formed sections, profiled roofing sheets, etc. is also used along with the tapered sections. The use of optimal least section leads to effective saving of steel and reduction of cost. Design of PEB is Quick and efficient; since PEBs are mainly formed of standard sections and connections, design time is significantly reduced. Basic designs are used over and over. Foundations are Simple in design, easy to construct and light weight. Both costs & time of erection are minimized. The erection process is easy, fast, step by step and with hardly any requirement for equipments. Outstanding architectural design can be achieved at low cost using standard architectural features and interface details. PEBs are designed with future expansion in mind. It is simple, easy and cost effective. One supplier cans coordinate changes. It is only that Company's responsibility for design, supply and even erection of PEBs. Figure 1 Components of PEB According to configuration there are two types of PEB: i) Clear span PEB ii) Multi-span PEB According to Geometry there are three types of PEB: i) Regular frame PEB ii) Mono slope Frame PEB iii) Curved Frame PEB

An environmental and material flow analysis of the UK steel construction sector,Doctor of Engineering thesis

• J Ley

Ley, J. An environmental and material flow analysis of the UK steel construction sector,Doctor of Engineering thesis, University of Wales, 2003.

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Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306223967_DESIGN_CONCEPT_OF_PRE-ENGINEERED_BUILDING